Acute effect of speed test on the skin temperature of elite soccer players / Efeito agudo do teste de velocidade sobre a temperatura da pele de jogadoras de futebol de elite / Efecto agudo del test de velocidad sobre la temperatura de la piel de jugadoras de fútbol de élite

ABSTRACT Introduction Infrared thermography has been used in several areas, mainly in sports training, and specifically in soccer. Objectives The objectives of the study were to verify the acute effect of a displacement speed test on the skin temperature of elite female soccer players, to observe pre- and post-test thermal asymmetries, and to compare responses in the anterior and posterior regions of lower limbs. Methods Cross-sectional study that evaluated 17 soccer players of the 2018 Brazilian Championship. They were submitted to thermography before and 10 minutes after performing the displacement speed test. Thermographic images were collected using a FLIR® model 8 thermal imager and changes in skin temperature in the anterior and posterior regions of the lower limbs were analyzed, according to the areas of interest. Descriptive statistics were performed and mean and standard deviation of the temperatures of the areas of interest were analyzed. The normality of the data was verified, and then the Student's t test for normal paired and independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test for non-normal samples were conducted, with p <0.05 being adopted for significance level. Results It was possible to observe that after the test there was an increase in skin temperature in all the regions analyzed, both on the dominant and non-dominant sides (p <0.05). Regarding the analysis of the anterior region, it was possible to observe a higher temperature (p <0.05) in the region of the tibial muscles than in the region of the quadriceps muscles. Conclusion It is concluded that thermography helps to understand the thermal responses of lower limbs after applying the displacement speed test. The study shows that thermographic evaluation can guide the organization of the training session when motor tests have previously been applied, and in the detection of abnormal overloads, helping to prevent injuries. Level of evidence IV; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução A termografia infravermelha tem sido empregada em diversas áreas, principalmente no treinamento esportivo e especificamente no futebol. Objetivos Os objetivos do estudo foram verificar o efeito agudo da aplicação de um teste de velocidade de deslocamento sobre a temperatura da pele de atletas de futebol feminino de elite, as assimetrias térmicas pré e pós-teste e comparar respostas nas regiões anterior e posterior de membros inferiores. Métodos Estudo de caráter transversal, que avaliou 17 jogadoras de futebol do Campeonato Brasileiro em 2018. Elas foram submetidas à termografia antes e 10 minutos depois da realização do teste de velocidade de deslocamento. Foram coletadas imagens termográficas por meio de um termovisor FLIR®, modelo E8, e analisadas as alterações da temperatura da pele, na região anterior e posterior dos membros inferiores, de acordo com as áreas de interesse. Foi realizada a estatística descritiva e para análise, foram usados média e desvio padrão da temperatura das áreas pretendidas. Verificou-se normalidade dos dados e, em seguida, o teste t de Student para amostras normais pareadas e independentes e o teste de Mann-Whitney, para amostras não normais, adotando-se p < 0,05 para nível de significância. Resultados Foi possível observar que depois do teste houve aumento da temperatura da pele em todas as regiões analisadas, tanto no lado dominante quanto no não dominante (p < 0,05). Com relação à análise da região anterior, foi possível observar maior temperatura (p < 0,05) na região dos músculos tibiais quando comparados com os músculos da região do quadríceps. Conclusão Conclui-se que a termografia auxilia o entendimento das respostas térmicas de membros inferiores depois da aplicação do teste de velocidade de deslocamento. O estudo demonstra que a avaliação termográfica pode orientar a organização da sessão de treinamento quando há aplicação prévia de testes motores e na detecção de sobrecargas anormais, auxiliando na prevenção de lesões. Nível de evidência IV; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La termografía infrarroja ha sido empleada en diversas áreas, principalmente en el entrenamiento deportivo y específicamente en el fútbol. Objetivos Los objetivos del estudio fueron verificar el efecto agudo de la aplicación de un test de velocidad de desplazamiento sobre la temperatura de la piel de atletas de fútbol femenino de élite, las asimetrías térmicas pre y post test y comparar respuestas en las regiones anterior y posterior de miembros inferiores. Métodos Estudio de carácter transversal, que evaluó a 17 jugadoras de fútbol del Campeonato Brasileño en 2018. Ellas fueron sometidas a termografía antes y 10 minutos después de la realización del test de velocidad de desplazamiento. Fueron colectadas imágenes termográficas por medio de un termovisor FLIR® - E8, modelo E8, y analizadas las alteraciones de la temperatura de la piel, en la región anterior y posterior de los miembros inferiores, de acuerdo con las áreas de interés. Fue realizada la estadística descriptiva y para el análisis, fueron usados promedio y desviación estándar de la temperatura de las áreas pretendidas. Se verificó normalidad de los datos y, a continuación, el test t de Student para muestras normales pareadas e independientes, y el test de Mann-Whitney, para muestras no normales, adoptándose p < 0,05 para nivel de significancia. Resultados Fue posible observar que después del test hubo aumento de la temperatura de la piel en todas las regiones analizadas, tanto en el lado dominante como en el no dominante (p <0,05). Con relación al análisis de la región anterior, fue posible observar mayor temperatura (p <0,05) en la región de los músculos tibiales cuando comparados con los músculos de la región del cuádriceps. Conclusión Se concluye que la termografía ayuda en el entendimiento de las respuestas térmicas de miembros inferiores, después de la aplicación del test de velocidad de desplazamiento. El estudio demuestra que la evaluación termográfica puede orientar la organización de la sesión de entrenamiento cuando hay aplicación previa de tests motores y en la detección de sobrecargas anormales, ayudando en la prevención de lesiones. Nivel de evidencia IV; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Influência da restrição alimentar e do estresse térmico sobre parâmetros fisiológicos em ovinos / [Influence of food restriction and heat stress on physiological parameters in sheep]

Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações fisiológicas de ovinos submetidos à restrição alimentar, expostos à radiação solar e à sombra. Dez borregas mestiças foram divididas igualmente em dois grupos: grupo radiação solar - GRS, animais expostos ao sol durante o dia; e grupo sombra - GS, animais alocados dentro de um galpão à sombra. Nos seis dias iniciais de experimento, os animais foram submetidos à restrição alimentar, com acesso apenas à água, já expostos ao sol ou à sombra. Nos seis dias subsequentes, foi ofertada dieta composta por ração e feno de alfafa (3%PV). Os parâmetros avaliados foram frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR), ß-hidroxibutirato (BHB), pH urinário, ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) e dados bioclimáticos (temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e índice de temperatura e umidade - ITU). A FR foi o parâmetro em que houve maior diferença significativa entre os grupos (p<0,05). O balanço energético negativo foi constatado em todos os animais (BHB>0,8mmol/L; pH<7,0). Ovelhas que sofrem restrição alimentar durante períodos de alta temperatura e umidade têm menor frequência respiratória e temperatura interna, independentemente de estar na sombra ou pleno sol. Porém, quando normalizado a oferta de alimento as ovelhas em pleno sol têm menor ingestão de matéria seca.(AU)

We aimed to evaluate physiological changes in sheep submitted to food restriction, exposed to the sun or shade. Ten ewe lambs were equally divided into two groups: Sun Radiation Group - GRS, exposed to sun during day hours, and Shade Group - GS, with animals placed inside a barn. In the first six days of experiment, animals were submitted to food restriction, with access to fresh water, already exposed to sun and shade. In the following six days alfalfa hay and concentrate were provided to the animals (3%BW). Parameters assessed were respiratory rate (FR), rectal temperature (TR), ß-hydroxybutyrate, urinary pH, dry matter intake (IMS) and climate data (air temperature, humidity, and temperature-humidity index - ITU). The parameter that most differed between groups was FR. All animals presented negative energy balance (BHB>0.8mmol/L; pH<7,0). Ewe lambs submitted to food restriction during periods of high temperature and humidity have lower respiratory rate and intern temperature, independently of being exposed to sun or shade. However, when food was offered animals exposed to sun had lower dry matter intake.(AU)

Beneficial effect of fluid warming in elderly patients with bladder cancer undergoing Da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy

OBJECTIVES: The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol recommends prevention of intraoperative hypothermia. However, the beneficial effect of maintaining normothermia after radical cystectomy has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of fluid warming nursing in elderly patients undergoing Da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy. METHODS: A total of 108 patients with bladder cancer scheduled to undergo DaVinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy were recruited and randomly divided into the control group (n=55), which received a warming blanket (43°C) during the intraoperative period and the warming group (n=53), in which all intraoperative fluids were administered via a fluid warmer (41°C). The surgical data, body temperature, coagulation function indexes, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the warming group had significantly less intraoperative transfusion (p=0.028) and shorter hospitalization days (p<0.05). During the entire intraoperative period (from 1 to 6h), body temperature was significantly higher in the warming group than in the control group. There were significant differences in preoperative fibrinogen level, white blood cell count, total bilirubin level, intraoperative lactose level, postoperative thrombin time (TT), and platelet count between the control and warming groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that TT was the only significant factor, suggesting that the warming group had a lower TT than the control group. CONCLUSION: Fluid warming nursing can effectively reduce transfusion requirement and hospitalization days, maintain intraoperative normothermia, and promote postoperative coagulation function in elderly patients undergoing Da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy.

Randomized clinical study comparing active heating methods for prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in gastroenterology / Estudo clínico randomizado comparando métodos de aquecimento ativo para prevenção de hipotermia intraoperatória em gastroenterologia / Estudio clínico aleatorizado comparando métodos de calentamiento activo para prevención de hipotermia intraoperatoria en gastroenterología

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the efficacy of three active heating methods in the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in open gastroenterological surgeries. Method: randomized clinical trial with a sample of 75 patients, whose initial body temperature measured by a tympanic thermometer. Esophageal temperature <36ºC was considered hypothermic. Patients were divided into three groups using: thermal mattress, underbody forced-air warming blanket and heated infusion system. The tympanic and esophageal temperatures were measured at different times of the intraoperative period, but the temperature considered gold standard was the esophageal. To evaluate the homogeneity of the groups, we used chi-square test (categorical variables). In the comparison of temperature measurements over time, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the contrast profile test were used for the difference in temperature between the times. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the three groups. The level of significance was 5%. Results: regarding the studied variables, the groups were not homogeneous as to the categorical variable sex. All patients presented hypothermia during the intraoperative period (p> 0.05). Conclusion: there was no significant difference between the heating methods in the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia. REBEC - Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (RBR- no. 52shjp).

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a eficácia de três métodos de aquecimento ativo na prevenção da hipotermia intraoperatória em cirurgias gastroenterológicas por via aberta. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado com amostra de 75 pacientes, com temperatura corpórea inicial mensurada por termômetro timpânico. Considerou-se hipotermia a temperatura esofágica <36ºC. Foram distribuídos em três grupos: colchão térmico, manta de aquecimento de ar forçado Underbody e sistema de infusão aquecida. As temperaturas timpânica e esofágica foram aferidas em diferentes momentos do intraoperatório, mas a temperatura considerada padrão ouro foi a esofágica. Para avaliar a homogeneidade dos grupos, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado (variáveis categóricas). Na comparação das medidas de temperatura ao longo do tempo, a análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de perfil de contraste para a diferença das temperaturas entre os tempos. Para comparação dos três grupos, usou-se o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: em relação às variáveis estudadas, os grupos não foram homogêneos quanto à variável categórica sexo. Todos os pacientes apresentaram hipotermia no período intraoperatório (p > 0,05). Conclusão: não houve diferença significativa entre os métodos de aquecimento na prevenção da hipotermia intraoperatória. REBEC - Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (RBR- nº52shjp).

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar la eficacia de tres métodos de calentamiento activo en la prevención de la hipotermia intraoperatoria en cirugías gastroenterológicas por vía abierta. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorizado con muestra de 75 pacientes, con temperatura corpórea inicial, medida por termómetro timpánico. Se consideró hipotermia la temperatura esofágica de <36ºC. Fueron distribuidos en tres grupos: colchón térmico, manta de calentamiento de aire forzado Underbody y sistema de infusión calentada. Las temperaturas timpánica y esofágica fueron medidas en diferentes momentos del intraoperatorio, pero la temperatura considerada estándar oro fue la esofágica. Para evaluar la homogeneidad de los grupos utilizamos el test Chi-cuadrado (variables categóricas). En la comparación de las medidas de temperatura a lo largo del tiempo, el análisis de variancia (ANOVA) y el test de perfil de contraste se usaron para la diferencia de las temperaturas entre los tiempos. Para comparación de los tres grupos se usó el test no-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. El nivel de significancia fue de 5%. Resultados: en relación a las variables estudiadas, los grupos no fueron homogéneos en la variable categórica del sexo. Todos los pacientes presentaron hipotermia en el período intraoperatorio (p > 0,05). Conclusión: no hubo diferencia significativa entre los métodos de calentamiento en la prevención de la hipotermia intraoperatoria. REBEC - Registro Brasilero de Ensayos Clínicos (RBR- nº52shjp).

Videothermometry to evaluate metabolic activity in real time during pneumectomy in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate, in rats, the open field videothermometry in real time while performing left pneumonectomy for early diagnosis of cardiopulmonary changes. Methods: Twelve non-specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups; pneumectomy group (GP) and sham surgery group (GS). Mean arterial pressure, videothermometry in real time, of the right lung, and histopathological analysis of the remaining lung were evaluated in all animals. Results: Videothermometry in real time allowed identification of temperature variance of right lung after pneumectomy, indicating a significant decrease in temperature during evaluation. There was a statistical difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2 and M0 and M2 (p<0.004) in GS, and significant difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2, and M2 and M0 with p<0.0001 in GP. Conclusions: Left pneumonectomy in rats shows initial histopathological changes after 60 minutes of its completion, indicating a possible compensation beginning. The open-field videothermometry in real time proved to be efficient identifying the temperature changes of the remaining lung.

Effect of preheating on the maintenance of body temperature in surgical patients: a randomized clinical trial / Efeito do pré-aquecimento na manutenção da temperatura corporal do paciente cirúrgico: ensaio clínico randomizado / Efecto del pre-calentamiento en el mantenimiento de la temperatura corporal del paciente quirúrgico: ensayo clínico aleatorizado

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effect of preheating on the maintenance of body temperature of patients submitted to elective gynecological surgeries. Method: eighty-six patients were randomized, without blinding, to receive usual care (heating with a cotton sheet and blanket) or preheating with a forced air system for 20 minutes (38°C). All patients were actively heated during the intraoperative period. Data were collected from admission of the patient in the surgical center until the end of the surgery. Body temperature was measured during the preoperative and intraoperative periods with an infrared tympanic thermometer. A thermo-hygrometer was used to monitor air temperature and humidity of the operating room. Results: data indicated homogeneity between the groups investigated. There was no statistically significant difference between groups after preheating (p = 0.27). At the end of the surgery, the mean temperature of the groups studied was the same (36.8°C), with a statistically non-significant difference (p = 0.66). Conclusion: preheating with the heated forced air system had a similar effect to the usual care in the body temperature of patients submitted to elective gynecological surgeries. ClinicalTrials.gov n. NCT02422758. CAAE, n. 38320814.2.0000.5393.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do pré-aquecimento na manutenção da temperatura corporal de pacientes submetidas a cirurgias ginecológicas eletivas. Método: foram randomizadas 86 pacientes, sem cegamento, para receber cuidado usual (aquecimento com lençol de algodão e cobertor) ou pré-aquecimento com o uso do sistema de ar forçado aquecido, durante 20 minutos (38°C). Todas as pacientes foram aquecidas de forma ativa durante o período intraoperatório. Os dados foram coletados da admissão da paciente no centro cirúrgico até o final da cirurgia. A temperatura corporal foi mensurada durante os períodos pré e intraoperatório com termômetro timpânico infravermelho. Para a temperatura e umidade do ar da sala cirúrgica, utilizou-se o termo-higrômetro. Resultados: os dados indicaram homogeneidade entre os grupos investigados. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos após o pré-aquecimento (p=0,27). Ao final da cirurgia, a temperatura média dos grupos estudados foi igual (36,8°C), com diferença estatisticamente não significante (p=0,66). Conclusão: o pré-aquecimento com o sistema de ar forçado aquecido teve efeito semelhante ao cuidado usual na temperatura corporal de pacientes submetidas a cirurgias ginecológicas eletivas. ClinicalTrials.gov n. NCT02422758. CAAE, n. 38320814.2.0000.5393.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del pre-calentamiento en el mantenimiento de la temperatura corporal de pacientes sometidas a cirugías ginecológicas electivas. Método: 86 pacientes fueron aleatorizados, sin ceguera, para recibir cuidado usual (calentamiento con sábanas de algodón y manta) o pre-calentamiento con el uso del sistema de aire forzado calentado, durante 20 minutos (38°C). Todas las pacientes fueron calentadas de forma activa durante el período intra-operatorio. Los datos fueron recogidos de la admisión de la paciente en el centro quirúrgico hasta el final de la cirugía. La temperatura corporal fue medida durante los períodos pre e intra-operatorio con un termómetro timpánico infrarrojo. Para la temperatura y humedad del aire de la sala quirúrgica, se utilizó el termo-higrómetro. Resultados: los datos indicaron homogeneidad entre los grupos investigados. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significante entre los grupos después del pre-calentamiento (p=0,27). Al final de la cirugía, la temperatura media de los grupos estudiados fue igual (36,8°C), con diferencia estadísticamente no significante (p=0,66). Conclusión: el pre-calentamiento con el sistema de aire forzado calentado tuvo efecto semejante al cuidado usual en la temperatura corporal de pacientes sometidas a cirugías ginecológicas electivas. ClinicalTrials.gov n. NCT02422758. CAAE, n. 38320814.2.0000.5393.

Influence of the ventilatory mode on acute adverse effects and facial thermography after noninvasive ventilation / Influência do modo ventilatório nos efeitos adversos agudos e na termografia da face após ventilação não invasiva

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the incidence and intensity of acute adverse effects and the variation in the temperature of facial skin by thermography after the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Methods: We included 20 healthy volunteers receiving NIV via oronasal mask for 1 h. The volunteers were randomly divided into two groups according to the ventilatory mode: bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Facial thermography was performed in order to determine the temperature of the face where it was in contact with the mask and of the nasal dorsum at various time points. After removal of the mask, the volunteers completed a questionnaire about adverse effects of NIV. Results: The incidence and intensity of acute adverse effects were higher in the individuals receiving BiPAP than in those receiving CPAP (16.1% vs. 5.6%). Thermographic analysis showed a significant cooling of the facial skin in the two regions of interest immediately after removal of the mask. The more intense acute adverse effects occurred predominantly among the participants in whom the decrease in the mean temperature of the nasal dorsum was lower (14.4% vs. 7.2%). The thermographic visual analysis of the zones of cooling and heating on the face identified areas of hypoperfusion or reactive hyperemia. Conclusions: The use of BiPAP mode was associated with a higher incidence and intensity of NIV-related acute adverse effects. There was an association between acute adverse effects and less cooling of the nasal dorsum immediately after removal of the mask. Cutaneous thermography can be an additional tool to detect adverse effects that the use of NIV has on facial skin.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a incidência e a intensidade de efeitos adversos agudos e a variação da temperatura da pele da face através da termografia após a aplicação de ventilação não invasiva (VNI). Métodos: Foram incluídos 20 voluntários sadios, de ambos os gêneros, submetidos à VNI com máscara oronasal por 1 h e divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com o modo ventilatório: bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ou continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). A termografia da face foi realizada para determinar a temperatura na região de contato da máscara e no dorso do nariz em momentos diferentes. Os voluntários preencheram um questionário de efeitos adversos após a retirada da VNI. Resultados: A incidência e a intensidade dos efeitos adversos agudos foram maiores naqueles submetidos a BiPAP em relação aos submetidos a CPAP (16,1% vs. 5,6%). A análise termográfica evidenciou um esfriamento significativo da pele facial nas duas regiões de estudo imediatamente após a retirada da máscara. Os efeitos adversos agudos em maior intensidade ocorreram predominantemente no grupo de participantes cuja redução da temperatura média no dorso do nariz foi menor (14,4% vs. 7,2%). A análise visual termográfica de zonas de esfriamento e aquecimento na face identificou regiões de hipoperfusão ou hiperemia reativa. Conclusões: O uso do modo BiPAP associou-se a maior incidência e intensidade de efeitos adversos agudos associados à VNI. Houve associação entre efeitos adversos agudos e menor esfriamento da pele do dorso do nariz imediatamente após a retirada da máscara. A termografia cutânea pode ser uma ferramenta adicional na detecção de efeitos adversos na pele da face associados ao uso da VNI.

Fatores associados à regulação da pressão parcial de oxigênio e da pressão parcial de gás carbônico durante suporte respiratório com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea: dados de um modelo em suínos / Factors associated with blood oxygen partial pressure and carbon dioxide partial pressure regulation during respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: data from a swine model

RESUMO Objetivo: Explorar os fatores associados aos níveis sanguíneos da pressão parcial de oxigênio e da pressão parcial de gás carbônico. Métodos: Os fatores associados com a regulação do oxigênio e de gás carbônico foram investigados em um modelo com porcos em apneia com suporte de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea venovenosa. Foi testada uma sequência predefinida de fluxos de sangue e gás. Resultados: A oxigenação associou-se principalmente com o fluxo da oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (coeficiente beta = 0,036mmHg/mL/minuto), débito cardíaco (coeficiente beta = -11,970mmHg/L/minuto) e shunt pulmonar (coeficiente beta = -0,232mmHg/%). As mensurações iniciais da pressão parcial de oxigênio e da pressão parcial de gás carbônico também se associaram com oxigenação, com coeficientes beta de 0,160 e 0,442mmHg/mmHg, respectivamente. A pressão parcial de gás carbônico se associou com débito cardíaco (coeficiente beta = 3,578mmHg/L/minuto), fluxo de gás (coeficiente beta = -2,635mmHg/L/minuto), temperatura (coeficiente beta = 4,514mmHg/°C), pH inicial (coeficiente beta = -66,065mmHg/0,01 unidade) e hemoglobina (coeficiente beta = 6,635mmHg/g/dL). Conclusão: Elevações nos fluxos de sangue de gás em um modelo de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea venovenosa durante apneia resultaram em aumento da pressão parcial de oxigênio e redução da pressão parcial de gás carbônico, respectivamente. Ainda, sem a possibilidade de uma inferência causal, a pressão parcial de oxigênio associou-se negativamente com o shunt pulmonar e o débito cardíaco, e a pressão parcial de gás carbônico teve associação positiva com o débito cardíaco, temperatura central e hemoglobina inicial.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with blood oxygen partial pressure and carbon dioxide partial pressure. Methods: The factors associated with oxygen - and carbon dioxide regulation were investigated in an apneic pig model under veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. A predefined sequence of blood and sweep flows was tested. Results: Oxygenation was mainly associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation blood flow (beta coefficient = 0.036mmHg/mL/min), cardiac output (beta coefficient = -11.970mmHg/L/min) and pulmonary shunting (beta coefficient = -0.232mmHg/%). Furthermore, the initial oxygen partial pressure and carbon dioxide partial pressure measurements were also associated with oxygenation, with beta coefficients of 0.160 and 0.442mmHg/mmHg, respectively. Carbon dioxide partial pressure was associated with cardiac output (beta coefficient = 3.578mmHg/L/min), sweep gas flow (beta coefficient = -2.635mmHg/L/min), temperature (beta coefficient = 4.514mmHg/ºC), initial pH (beta coefficient = -66.065mmHg/0.01 unit) and hemoglobin (beta coefficient = 6.635mmHg/g/dL). Conclusion: In conclusion, elevations in blood and sweep gas flows in an apneic veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation model resulted in an increase in oxygen partial pressure and a reduction in carbon dioxide partial pressure 2, respectively. Furthermore, without the possibility of causal inference, oxygen partial pressure was negatively associated with pulmonary shunting and cardiac output, and carbon dioxide partial pressure was positively associated with cardiac output, core temperature and initial hemoglobin.

Sleep disorder or simple sleep ontogeny? Tendency for morningness is associated with worse sleep quality in the elderly

The objective of this study was to evaluate the alterations in sleep and circadian parameters during the aging process. The study sample comprises volunteers older than 18 up to 90 years of age that answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Horne and Östberg circadian preference questionnaire. We observed that the shift to morningness with increasing age is associated with a significant worsening in sleep quality. We discuss that this sleep profile characterized by morningness and worse sleep quality observed in elderly, when compared to younger people, reflects not necessarily a pathological state, but an expected profile for this age group.

Reference breast temperature: proposal of an equation / Temperatura de referência das mamas: proposta de uma equação

ABSTRACT Objective To develop an equation to estimate the breast reference temperature according to the variation of room and core body temperatures. Methods Four asymptomatic women were evaluated for three consecutive menstrual cycles. Using thermography, the temperature of breasts and eyes was measured as indirect reference of core body and room temperatures. To analyze the thermal behavior of the breasts during the cycle, the core body and room temperatures were normalized by means of a mathematical equation. Results We performed 180 observations and the core temperature had the highest correlation with the breast temperature, followed by room temperature. The proposed prediction model could explain 45.3% of the breast temperature variation, with variable room temperature variable; it can be accepted as a way to estimate the reference breast temperature at different room temperatures. Conclusion The average breast temperature in healthy women had a direct relation with the core and room temperature and can be estimated mathematically. It is suggested that an equation could be used in clinical practice to estimate the normal breast reference temperature in young women, regardless of the day of the cycle, therefore assisting in evaluation of anatomical studies.

RESUMO Objetivo Desenvolver uma equação de estimativa da temperatura de referência das mamas, de acordo com a variação das temperaturas ambiente e central. Métodos Foram avaliadas quatro mulheres assintomáticas durante três ciclos menstruais consecutivos. Mensuraram-se, por termografia, as temperaturas das mamas e ocular, como referência indireta das temperaturas central e ambiente. Para análise do comportamento térmico durante o ciclo as temperaturas das mamas, foram normalizadas com a temperatura central e ambiente por meio de uma equação matemática. Resultados Foram realizadas 180 observações, sendo que a temperatura central apresentou a maior correlação com a temperatura das mamas, seguida da temperatura ambiente. O modelo de predição proposto conseguiu explicar 45,3% da variação da temperatura das mamas com temperatura ambiente variável podendo ser aceito como uma forma de estimar a temperatura de referência das mesmas em diferentes temperaturas ambientais. Conclusão A temperatura média das mamas em mulheres saudáveis teve relação direta com a temperatura central e ambiente, e pôde ser estimada matematicamente. Sugere-se que uma equação poderia ser utilizada para estimativa da temperatura de referência da mama normal em mulheres, independente do dia do ciclo e, portanto, auxiliar na avaliação de estudos anatômicos.

Thermal preferences and limits of Triatoma brasiliensis in its natural environment - Field observations while host searching

The goal of this work was to explore the thermal relationship between foraging Triatoma brasiliensis and its natural habitat during the hottest season in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The thermal profiles were determined using infrared analysis. Although the daily temperature of rock surfaces varied in a wide range, T. brasiliensisselected to walk through areas with temperatures between 31.7-40.5ºC. The temperature of T. brasiliensisbody surface ranged from 32.8-34.4ºC, being higher in legs than the abdomen. A strong relationship was found between the temperature of the insect and the temperature of rock crevices where they were hidden (r: 0.96, p < 0.05). The species was active at full sunlight being a clear example of how the light-dark rhythm may be altered, even under predation risk. Our results strongly suggest a thermal borderline for T. brasiliensisforaging activity near 40ºC. The simultaneous determination of insect body and rock temperatures here presented are the only obtained in natural habitats for this or other triatomines.

Differential susceptibility of BALB/c, C57BL/6N, and CF1 mice to photoperiod changes

Objective:Circadian disturbances common to modern lifestyles have been associated with mood disorders. Animal models that mimic such rhythm disturbances are useful in translational research to explore factors contributing to depressive disorders. This study aimed to verify the susceptibility of BALB/c, C57BL/6N, and CF1 mice to photoperiod changes.Methods:Thermochron iButtons implanted in the mouse abdomen were used to characterize temperature rhythms. Mice were maintained under a 12:12 h light-dark (LD) cycle for 15 days, followed by a 10:10 h LD cycle for 10 days. Cosinor analysis, Rayleigh z test, periodograms, and Fourier analysis were used to analyze rhythm parameters. Paired Student's t test was used to compare temperature amplitude, period, and power of the first harmonic between normal and shortened cycles.Results:The shortened LD cycle significantly changed temperature acrophases and rhythm amplitude in all mouse strains, but only BALB/c showed altered period.Conclusion:These findings suggest that BALB/c, the preferred strain for stress-induced models of depression, should also be favored for exploring the relationship between circadian rhythms and mood. Temperature rhythm proved to be a useful parameter for characterizing rhythm disruption in mice. Although disruption of temperature rhythm has been successfully documented in untethered mice, an evaluation of desynchronization of other rhythms is warranted.

Brazilian adaptation of the Functioning after Pediatric Cochlear Implantation (FAPCI): comparison between normal hearing and cochlear implanted children / Adaptação brasileira do questionário Functioning Inventory after Pediatric Cochlear Implantation (FAPCI): comparação entre crianças com audição normal e com implante coclear

OBJECTIVE: Enabling development of the ability to communicate effectively is the principal objective of cochlear implantation (CI) in children. However, objective and effective metrics of communication for cochlear-implanted Brazilian children are lacking . The Functioning after Pediatric Cochlear Implantation (FAPCI), a parent/caregiver reporting instrument developed in the United States, is the first communicative performance scale for evaluation of real-world verbal communicative performance of 2-5-year-old children with cochlear implants. The primary aim was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the FAPCI. The secondary aim was to conduct a trial of the adapted Brazilian-Portuguese FAPCI (FAPCI-BP) in normal hearing (NH) and CI children. METHODS: The American-English FAPCI was translated by a rigorous forward-backward process. The FAPCI-BP was then applied to the parents of children with NH (n = 131) and CI (n = 13), 2-9 years of age. Test-retest reliability was verified. RESULTS: The FAPCI-BP was confirmed to have excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.90). The CI group had lower FAPCI scores (58.38 ± 22.6) than the NH group (100.38 ± 15.2; p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test). CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that the FAPCI-BP is a reliable instrument. It can be used to evaluate verbal communicative performance in children with and without CI. The FAPCI is currently the only psychometrically-validated instrument that allows such measures in cochlear-implanted children. .

OBJETIVO: O principal objetivo do implante coclear (IC) em crianças é permitir o desenvolvimento da capacidade de se comunicar efetivamente. Contudo, não há objetivo nem parâmetros efetivos de comunicação para crianças brasileiras com o implante coclear. O Functioning after Pediatric Cochlear Implantation (FAPCI), instrumento de relato dos pais/prestadores de cuidados desenvolvido nos Estados Unidos, é a primeira escala de desempenho para avaliação do desempenho comunicativo verbal no mundo real de crianças de 2-5 anos com implantes cocleares. Nosso principal objetivo era adaptar e validar a versão do FAPCI em português do Brasil de forma transcultural. Nosso objetivo secundário era fazer um teste da versão do FAPCI adaptada para o português do Brasil (FAPCI-PB) com grupos de crianças com audição normal (AN) e IC. MÉTODOS: O FAPCI em inglês americano foi traduzido por um processo rigoroso de tradução e retrotradução. O FAPCI-PB foi, então, aplicado aos pais das crianças com AN (n = 131) e IC (n = 13) de 2-9 anos. Foi verificada a confiabilidade da reaplicação do teste. RESULTADOS: Confirmou-se que o FAPCI-PB tem excelente coerência interna (alfa de Cronbach > 0,90). O grupo com IC apresentou menores pontuações no FAPCI (58,38 ± 22,6) do que o grupo com AN (100,38 ± 15,2; p < 0,001, teste de Wilcoxon). CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados indicam que o FAPCI-PB é um instrumento confiável. Pode ser usado para avaliar o desempenho comunicativo verbal em crianças com e sem IC. O FAPCI é, atualmente, o único instrumento validado psicometricamente que possibilita essas medições em crianças com implante coclear. .

Association between the increase in brain temperature and physical performance at different exercise intensities and protocols in a temperate environment

There is evidence that brain temperature (Tbrain) provides a more sensitive index than other core body temperatures in determining physical performance. However, no study has addressed whether the association between performance and increases in Tbrain in a temperate environment is dependent upon exercise intensity, and this was the primary aim of the present study. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to constant exercise at three different speeds (18, 21, and 24 m/min) until the onset of volitional fatigue. Tbrain was continuously measured by a thermistor inserted through a brain guide cannula. Exercise induced a speed-dependent increase in Tbrain, with the fastest speed associated with a higher rate of Tbrain increase. Rats subjected to constant exercise had similar Tbrain values at the time of fatigue, although a pronounced individual variability was observed (38.7-41.7°C). There were negative correlations between the rate of Tbrain increase and performance for all speeds that were studied. These results indicate that performance during constant exercise is negatively associated with the increase in Tbrain, particularly with its rate of increase. We then investigated how an incremental-speed protocol affected the association between the increase in Tbrain and performance. At volitional fatigue, Tbrain was lower during incremental exercise compared with the Tbrain resulting from constant exercise (39.3±0.3 vs 40.3±0.1°C; P<0.05), and no association between the rate of Tbrain increase and performance was observed. These findings suggest that the influence of Tbrain on performance under temperate conditions is dependent on exercise protocol.

Variação da temperatura superficial dos músculos masseter e temporal anterior durante o apertamento dental voluntário com placas interoclusais maxilares de duas diferentes espessuras / Variation of surface temperature on superficial masseter and anterior temporal muscles during voluntary teeth clenching with maxillary splints of two different thicknesses

A atividade muscular tem sido estudada de maneira indireta pela análise da variação da temperatura superficial cutânea sobre os músculos mastigatórios. Essas mensurações podem representar uma ferramenta valiosa na avaliação clínica da atividade e do progresso das desordens temporomandibulares, bem como no acompanhamento do protocolo terapêutico adotado, justificando sua utilização para verificar alterações patológicas na circulação sanguínea e/ou atividade metabólica nos tecidos abaixo da pele, como os músculos mastigatórios. Em vista disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito da espessura da placa interoclusal sobre a variação da temperatura superficial dos músculos temporal anterior e masseter, durante o repouso e o apertamento dental, considerando-se a condição assintomática de 20 indivíduos (10 do gênero masculino e 10 do gênero feminino) selecionados através do questionário Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). A temperatura em graus Celsius (ºC) da superfície dos músculos masseter e temporal anterior foi medida com o auxílio de um termômetro digital, com um sistema de leitura por irradiação infravermelha. A temperatura superficial dos músculos temporal anterior e masseter apresentou redução significativa diante do apertamento dental em relação à posição de repouso mandibular. Entretanto, não houve diferenças significantes entre as condições com e sem placa interoclusal, bem como entre as distintas espessuras de placas interoclusais analisadas. Adicionalmente, os músculos mastigatórios apresentaram uma considerável semelhança entre os lados, sem haver também distinções significantes entre o gênero masculino e o feminino.

Muscle activity has been studied indirectly through analyses of temperature variation in skin surface temperature on the masticatory muscles. These procedure may be an important tool for clinical evaluation and assessment of the evolution of temporomandibular disorders, as well as monitoring the adopted protocol. Thus, its utilization for identified pathological alterations on blood circulation and/or on metabolic activity in subcutaneous tissues, such as the masticatory muscles, is justified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of occlusal splintsÆ thickness on the variation of surface temperature of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles during rest and clenching. It were analyzed 20 asymptomatic subjects (10 males and 10 females) selected through the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) questionnaire. Temperature expressed in degrees Celsius (ºC) was measured on the surface of both muscles measured with the aid of a digital thermometer with an infrared radiation reading system. The surface temperature of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles presented significant reduction during teeth clenching in relation to the mandibular rest position. However, there were no significant differences between conditions with and without occlusal splint or between the different thicknesses of splints analyzed. Masticatory muscles showed a considerable similar behavior for both sides, and no significant distinctions were observed between male and female patients.

Comparison of Silorane and Methacrylate-Based Composites on the Polymerization Heat Generated with Different Light-Curing Units and Dentin Thicknesses

This study evaluated the temperature variation in the pulp chamber during photoactivation of two restorative composite resins (Filtek P90 silorane-based composite and Heliomolar methacrylate-based composite) with either a quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) or light-emitting diodes (LED) light-curing unit (LCU) and using dentin thicknesses (0.5 and 1.0 mm). Standardized cavities (2x2x2 mm) were prepared in 80 bovine incisors, which were randomly assigned to 8 groups according to the photoactivation method and dentin thickness. Filtek P90 and Heliomolar (both in shade A3) were used with their respective adhesive systems (P90 self-etch primer / P90 adhesive bond and Excite adhesive). All experiments were carried out in a controlled environment (37°C). The temperature variations (°C) were recorded using a digital thermometer attached to a K-type thermocouple. The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). For composite/dentin thickness interaction, temperature increase was significantly higher in 0.5 mm dentin thickness (40.07°C) compared with 1.0 mm dentin thickness (39.61°C) for Filtek P90. For composite/LCU interaction, the temperature increase was significantly higher for Filtek P90 (39.21°C - QTH and 40.47°C - LED) compared with Heliomolar (38.40°C - QTH and 39.30°C - LED). The silorane-based composite promoted higher temperature increase in the pulp chamber than the methacrylate-based composite.

Este estudo avaliou a variação de temperatura na câmara pulpar durante a fotoativação de duas resinas compostas (Filtek P90 – compósito à base de silorano e Heliomolar – compósito à base de metacrilato) com as unidades foto-ativadoras (UFs) luz de quartzo-tungstênio-halogênio (QTH) ou diodo emissor de luz (LED) e utilizando espessuras de dentina (0,5 e 1,0 mm). Cavidades padronizadas (2×2×2 mm) foram preparadas em 80 incisivos bovinos, as quais foram aleatoriamente divididas em 8 grupos de acordo com os métodos de fotoativação e espessura da dentina. Filtek P90 e Heliomolar (ambos na cor A3) foram utilizadas com seus respectivos sistemas adesivos (Primer P90 auto-condicionante / adesivo P90 e adesivo Excite). Todos os experimentos foram realizados em um ambiente controlado (37°C). As variações de temperatura (°C) foram mensuradas usando um termômetro digital conectado a um termopar tipo-K. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α=0,05). Para interação compósito/espessura de dentina, o aumento da temperatura foi estatisticamente superior para a espessura de dentina de 0,5 mm (40,07°C) quando comparado com a espessura de dentina de 1,0 mm (39,61°C) para a Filtek P90. Para a interação compósito/UFs, o aumento de temperatura foi estatisticamente superior para o Filtek P90 (39,21°C – QTH e 40,47°C – LED) quando comparado ao Heliomolar (38,40°C – QTH e 39,30°C – LED). Compósitos à base de silorano promovem maior aumento da temperatura na câmara pulpar em relação aos compósitos à base de metacrilato.

Passive body heating improves sleep patterns in female patients with fibromyalgia

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of passive body heating on the sleep patterns of patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS: Six menopausal women diagnosed with fibromyalgia according to the criteria determined by the American College of Rheumatology were included. All women underwent passive immersion in a warm bath at a temperature of 36 ±1 °C for 15 sessions of 30 minutes each over a period of three weeks. Their sleep patterns were assessed by polysomnography at the following time-points: pre-intervention (baseline), the first day of the intervention (acute), the last day of the intervention (chronic), and three weeks after the end of the intervention (follow-up). Core body temperature was evaluated by a thermistor pill during the baseline, acute, chronic, and follow-up periods. The impact of this treatment on fibromyalgia was assessed via a specific questionnaire termed the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. RESULTS: Sleep latency, rapid eye movement sleep latency and slow wave sleep were significantly reduced in the chronic and acute conditions compared with baseline. Sleep efficiency was significantly increased during the chronic condition, and the awakening index was reduced at the chronic and follow-up time points relative to the baseline values. No significant differences were observed in total sleep time, time in sleep stages 1 or 2 or rapid eye movement sleep percentage. The core body temperature and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire responses did not significantly change over the course of the study. CONCLUSION: Passive body heating had a positive effect on the sleep patterns of women with fibromyalgia.

Acute experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: establishing a murine model that utilises non-invasive measurements of disease parameters

Trypanosoma cruzi infection has a large public health impact in Latin American countries. Although the transmission rates via blood transfusions and insect vectors have declined sharply in the past 20 years due to policies of the Southern Cone countries, a large number of people are still at risk for infection. Currently, no accepted experimental model or descriptions of the clinical signs that occur during the course of acute murine infection are available. The aim of this work was to use non-invasive methods to evaluate the clinical signs of Balb/c mice infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi. The infected mice displayed evident clinical changes beginning in the third week of infection. The mice were evaluated based on physical characteristics, spontaneous activity, exploratory behaviour and physiological alterations. We hope that the results presented in this report provide parameters that complement the effective monitoring of trypanocidal treatment and other interventions used to treat experimental Chagas disease.